Theorizing masculinities and men's health: A brief history with a view to practice
Genevieve Creighton
School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
John L Oliffe
School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
PP: 409 - 418
Abstract
Sex comparisons reveal men as more likely than women to die earlier and experience debilitating injury. Historically, this trend has been positioned as somewhat inevitable, an outcome of men's 'natural' biologically charged tendencies for risk-taking and reluctance around help-seeking.
More recently, gender research has emerged to describe cultural norms about masculinity and explore their relationships to men's health and illness practices. Empirically, masculinities and men's health research has revealed diverse practices that suggest some men's risky health behaviours are amenable to change.
This article provides a brief review of how masculinity has been understood in men's health research before making recommendations for where we might next go in theorising social constructions of masculinities. Specifically, a vignette drawn from a study examining young men's responses to the death of a peer is used to illustrate how the communities of practice framework can be applied, and might conceptually advance future masculinities and men's health research.
Keywords
masculinities; men's health; men's risk-taking; communities of practice
References
Addis, M. and Mahalik, J. (2003) Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help-seeking, American Psychologist 58(1): 5-14.
Bem, S. (1974) The measurement of psychological androgyny, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42(2): 155-162.
Bilsker, D., Goldenberg, L. and Davison, J. A. (2010) A roadmap to men's health: Current status, research, policy and practice, UBC and Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addition: Vancouver.
Bly, R. (1990) Iron John, Addison-Wesley: New York.
Bourdieu, P. (1977) Outline of a theory of practice, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Broom, D. H. (2009) Men's health and women's health-deadly enemies or strategic allies, Critical Public Health 19(3-4): 269-277.
Capraro, R. (2000) Why college men drink: Alcohol, adventure and the paradox of masculinity, Journal of College Health 48(6): 307-315.
Cassell, C. (2005) Creating the interviewer: Identity work in the management research process, Qualitative Research 5(2): 167-179.
Clatterbaugh, K. (1990) Contemporary perspectives on masculinity: Men, women and politics in modern society, Westview Press: Oxford.
Connell, R. W. (1995) Masculinities, Polity Press: Cambridge.
Connell, R. W. and Messerschmidt, J. (2005) Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept, Gender and Society 19(6): 829-859.
Courtenay, W. (2000) Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: A theory of gender and health, Social Science and Medicine 50(10): 1385-1401.
Courtenay, W. (2009) Theorising masculinity and men's health, in Broom, A. and Tovey, P. (eds) Men's health: Body, identity and social context, Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex, pp. 9-32.
Courtenay, W. and Keeling, R. (2000) Men, gender and health: Toward an interdisciplinary approach, Journal of American College Health 48(6): 259-267.
Department of Heath and Human Services (1998) Socioeconomic status and health statistics, in Statistics, Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Hyattsville, MD.
De Visser, R. (2009) Young men, masculinity and alcohol, in Broom, A. and Tovey, P. (eds) Men's health: Body, identity and social context, Wiley-Blackwell: West Sussex, pp. 126-144.
De Visser, R. and Smith, J. (2006) Mr. In-Between: A case study of masculine identity and health-related behaviour, Journal of Health Psychology 11(5): 685-695.
Gerson, J. M. and Preiss, K. (1985) Boundaries, renegotiations, consciousness: Reconceptualizing gender relations, Social Problems 32(4): 317-331.
Harrison, J. (1978) Warning: The male sex role may be dangerous to your health, Journal of Social Issues 34(1): 65-86.
Hearn, J. (2004) From hegemonic masculinity to the hegemony of men, Feminist Theory 5(1): 97-120.
Hewitt, J. (1988) Self and society, Allyn & Bacon: Boston.
Johnson, J. and Repta, R. (2011) Sex and gender: Beyond the binaries, in Oliffe, J. and Greaves, L. (eds) Designing gender, sex and health research, Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA.
Kimmel, M. (1997) Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, shame and silence in the construction of gender identity, in Gergen, M. and Davis, S. (eds) Toward a new psychology of gender, Routledge: New York, pp. 223-242.
Kimmel, M. (2008) The gendered society reader, Oxford University Press: New York.
Kupers, T. (2005) Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison, Journal of Clinical Psychology 61(6): 713-724.
Lave, J. and Wenger, E. (1991) Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral learning, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Lee, C. and Owens, R. G. (2002) Issues for a psychology of men's health, Journal of Health Psychology 7(3): 209-217.
Lippa, R., Martin, L. and Friedman, H. (2000) Gender-related individual differences and mortality in the Terman longitudinal study: Is masculinity hazardous to your health? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26(12): 1560-1572.
Lohan, M. (2007) How might we understand men's health better? Integrating explanations from critical studies on men and inequalities in health, Social Science and Medicine 65(3): 493-504.
Messerschmidt, J. (1993) Masculinities and crime: Critique and reconceptualisation of theory, Rowman & Littlefield: Lanham.
Messner, M. (1997) Politics of masculinities: Men in movement, Sage: London.
Miller, K. (2008) Wired: Energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms and risk taking, Journal of American College Health 56(5): 481-489.
Norcross, W., Ramirez, C. and Palinkas, L. (1996) The influence of women on the health care-seeking behaviour of men, Journal of Family Medicine 43(5): 475-480.
O'Brien, R., Hunt, K. and Hart, G. (2005) It's caveman stuff, but that is to a certain extent how guys still operate: Men's accounts of masculinity and help seeking, Social Science and Medicine 61(3): 503-516.
Oliffe, J. L. and Bottorff, J. L. (2007) Further than the eye can see? Photo elicitation and research with men, Qualitative Health Research 17(6): 850-858.
Oliffe, J. L., Grewal, S., Bottorff, J. L., Dhesi, J., Kang, B., Ward, A. and Hislop, T. G. (2010a) Masculinities, diet and senior Punjabi Sikh immigrant men: Food for western thought? Sociology of Health & Illness 30(5): 761-766.
Oliffe, J. L., Robertson, S., Frank, B., McCreary, D. R., Tremblay, G. and Goldenberg, S. L. (2010b) Men's health in Canada: A 2010 update, Journal of Men's Health 7(3): 189-192.
Oliffe, J. L., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Bottorff, J. L., Hislop, T. G. and Halpin, M. (2009) Connecting humor, health and masculinities at prostate cancer support groups, Psycho-Oncology 18(9): 916-926.
Paechter, C. (1998) Educating the other: Gender, power and schooling, Falmer Press: London.
Paechter, C. (2003) Masculinities and femininities as communities of practice, Women's Studies International Forum 26(1): 69-77.
Phillips, M. (1999) The sex-change society: Feminised Britain and the neutered male, The Social Market Foundation: London.
Phillips, S. (2005) Risky business: Explaining the gender gap in longevity, Journal of Men's Health and Gender 3(1): 43-46.
Robertson, S. (2006) 'I've been like a coiled spring this week': Embodied masculinity and health, Sociology of Health and Illness 28(4): 433-456.
Robertson, S. (2007) Understanding men and health: Masculinities, identities and well-being, McGraw Hill Open University Press: UK.
Rosenberg, J. P. (2009) Circles in the surf: Australian masculinity, mortality and grief, Critical Public Health 19(3-4): 417-426.
Rowe, M. and Dowsett, T. (2008) Sex, love, friendship, belonging and place: Is there a role for 'Gay Community' in HIV prevention today? Culture, Health and Sexuality 10(4): 329-344.
Sabo, D. (2000) Men's health studies: Origins and trends, Journal of American College Health 49(3): 133-142.
Schofield, T., Connell, R., Walker, L., Wood, J. and Butland, D. (2000) Understanding men's health and illness: A gender-relations approach to policy, research and practice, Journal of American College Health 48(6): 241-256.
Sloan, C., Gough, B. and Conner, M. (2009) Healthy masculinities? How ostensibly healthy men talk about lifestyle, health and gender, Psychology and Health 25(7): 783-803.
Smith, J. and Robertson, S. (2008) Men's health promotion: A new frontier in Australia and the UK? Health Promotion International 23(3): 283-289.
Statistics Canada (2005) Deaths, by selected grouped causes, age group and sex, Canada, annual, Government of Canada: Ottawa.
Thompson, E. H. (2006) Images of old men's masculinity: Still a man? Sex Roles 55(9-10); 633-648.
Verbrugge, L. M. (1985) Gender and health: An update on hypothesis and evidence, Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 26(3): 156-182.
Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

eContent Home




